Successful Aging Involves All Of The Following Except – According to the activity theory of aging, successful aging occurs when older adults remain active and maintain social interactions.
He believes that keeping older people socially active slows down the aging process and improves their quality of life.
Successful Aging Involves All Of The Following Except
Examples of the action theory of aging include encouraging aging people to continue going to church groups, going on group vacations, and even finding a new romantic interest if they are widowed.
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Action theory was developed by Robert J. Havighurst in the 1960s. Along with disengagement theory and continuity theory It is one of three main psychosocial theories that explain how people develop in old age.
“Aging is an inevitability of mutual withdrawal or separation, resulting in reduced interaction between the aging individual and others in the social system to which he or she belongs.” (Cumming & Henry, 1961, p.14)
Havighurst saw things differently; happiness for the elderly depended on the active maintenance of personal relationships and ventures.
Activities help older people replace lost life roles, especially when they are meaningful and fulfilling. In this way, they resist the social pressures that limit the life of an elderly person. As Loue et al. (2008) argue:
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“According to activity theory (also called implicit theory of aging, normal theory of aging, and secular theory of aging), there is a positive relationship between a person’s activity level and life satisfaction, which in turn increases how positive he. one views him or herself (self-concept) and improves adjustment later in life” (Loue et al., 2008, p.79).
Below we discuss a variety of ways — some of them very familiar — in which older people maintain social interactions and activities of the past, thereby leading happier and more engaged lives.
The first two case studies discussed below address why people who remain active past middle age are likely to lead happier lives. The following two examples show how older people are likely to succeed in replacing lost roles.
Many governments around the world have implemented social interventions and programs to provide free or affordable access to further education for older people.
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Further education includes undergraduate or postgraduate degrees, professional qualifications, crafts (eg, pottery), and wellness programs (eg, yoga).
There are many benefits for older people who take up further education. Older adult learners report greater life satisfaction and lower levels of social isolation compared to non-participants (Winstead et al., 2014).
This is because older people experience a range of losses, such as retirement, losing their partner or losing their mobility. This may lead to loss of identity, feelings of shame, and isolation (Loue et al., 2008, p.80)
In turn, participating in physical activities that are well suited to their fitness levels – such as swimming, walking, golf, or others – has a significant and positive impact on the mental health of older people.
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It can partially fill the gap left by other activities and help the elderly to socialize. It can therefore improve their mood, reduce the risk of depression and anxiety, and lead to a more balanced lifestyle.
Most of us have a relative or an acquaintance who has not left the job market after retirement.
Work also gives older people a sense of identity and purpose. Therefore, it can help older adults stay happier.
Many older people are alone, whether they are divorced, bereaved or single for a longer/shorter period of time.
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They often decide that it is never too late to find a partner. Using senior apps or websites or joining a local book club or choir is helpful in this regard.
According to activity theory, replacing a lost partner with a new partner can improve older people’s life satisfaction.
That’s because emotional intimacy will help them establish meaningful connection and communication with a significant other and, thus, avoid feelings of loneliness.
Five decades after its conception, the activity theory of aging remains a relevant and helpful psychosocial theory that explains how people develop in old age.
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It has been widely used in gerontological and psychological research. Most students would agree that the activity model is more accurate and helpful than the theory of diffusion and, in the end, it is helpful to the community (Verena, 2004).
In addition, it has succeeded in informing policy and practice. For example, governments and third sector organizations have recognized that successful aging results from continuous activity (social, physical, etc.).
As Loue et al. (2008, p.80), that it is not always easy to achieve lost roles and remain socially active.
Before you apply or dismiss the activity theory of aging, keep in mind that no single theory can explain all aspects of aging.
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The activity theory of aging, first proposed by Robert Havighurst in 1961, shows that older adults maintain optimal well-being and aging rates when they can continue to perform productive activities and engage in satisfying relationships.
In contrast to the pessimism of the disengagement theory of aging, it is assumed that there is a positive relationship between the life satisfaction of older people and their participation in social activities.
But it has not been immune to criticism, particularly because of its blanket approach to older adults, and the lack of consideration of physical and social barriers that prevent older people from maintaining social interactions.
For another theory of aging, see our piece on the age stratification theory or the socioemotional selectivity theory of aging.
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Lai, D. W. L.; Qin, N. (2018). Extraverted personality, perceived health and activity participation among community-aged adults in Hong Kong.
Penhollow, T.M., Young, M. and Denny, G. (2009). Predictors of Quality of Life, Sexual Relationships, and Sexual Satisfaction among Active Older Adults.
Winstead V., Yost E.A., Cotten S.R., Berkowsky R.W., & Anderson W.A. (2014). The impact of activity interventions on the well-being of older adults in continuing care communities.
Zimmer Z., Lin H.S. (1996). Leisure activity and well-being among older people in Taiwan: testing hypotheses in an Asian setting.
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The Assistant Professor was founded by Dr Chris Drew. He has a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is a former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Credit: Photo of Chris] Introduction: The health and well-being of older people can be maintained by optimizing physical and mental health, while preserving independence, social participation and quality of life. Cognitive change has been described as a normal aging process and involves areas such as processing speed, attention, memory, language, visuospatial abilities, and executive functioning, among others.
Methods: This is a study involving data from 14,893 and 14,154 individuals >60 years of age or older from the 2012 and 2015 waves, respectively, who participated in the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) . Participants with healthy aging were identified and described in the MHAS-2012 wave and followed until 2015. Eight cognitive domains evaluated in the Cross-Cultural Cognitive Evaluation (CCCE) were described as well as socio-demographic and health characteristics. Criteria for healthy aging are: CCCE ≥ −1.5 standard deviations above the mean of reference norms, independence in basic and instrumental activities of daily living, self-reported “close to ideal life” and improved functional and social performance .
Results: From a total of n = 9, 160 older adults from the MAS-2012 wave experienced healthy aging, n = 1, 080 (11.8%). In the healthy aging group, the median age was 67 years (IQR: 63–73), 58.1% were female and the median education was 6 years (IQR: 3–8). The mean CCCE score was 57 points (SD: 16.9). In the MHAS-2012 cross-sectional analysis, except for orientation, visuospatial ability, and verbal fluency, all cognitive domain scores were lower with age. When comparing cognitive domain scores in the 225 older adults identified as experiencing healthy aging between the 2012 and 2015 waves of the MAHS, there were almost no detectable differences.
Conclusion: In the cross-sectional analysis, healthy aging Mexican adults had lower scores in the domains of verbal learning memory, visual scanning, numeracy, visual memory, and verbal recall, as well as lower global cognitive scores in the higher age groups. There were no cognitive changes in the 3-year follow-up, except for a lower gradient of scores in the verbal recall memory domain. Longer prospective studies are needed to characterize larger cognitive changes.
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Due to medical and technological advances as well as better social and economic conditions, life expectancy has steadily increased worldwide (1, 2). In 2015, the number of older adults in Mexico was estimated to reach 150 million (3). Furthermore, in 2020, life expectancy at birth in Mexico was estimated at 75.2 years (4, 5). However, healthy life expectancy was calculated at 65.4 years, which represents a difference of 10 years between the two indicators (6, 7). The impact of the aging population, especially in low- to middle-income countries, translates into an increase in multimorbidity, disability, and dependency, which represents a challenge for health systems (8, 9). Maintaining the health and well-being of older adults by optimizing physical and mental health, and preserving independence, social participation and quality of life is essential (10).
Depending on the author, the concept of healthy aging has been approached in different ways. Authors have defined it as “active,” “successful,” “productive,” or “healthy” aging (11). Rowe and Kahn were instrumental in proposing a theoretical model of “successful aging,” at the individual level, that encompasses three distinct areas: prevention of disease and disability, maintenance of high physical and cognitive function, and sustained commitment to social and to be productive. activities (12–14). However, the World Health Organization (WHO) favors the term “healthy ageing,” which focuses on the functional abilities of
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