What Was The Role Of The Shogun In Feudal Japan – The emperor was at the top of Japan’s social order. He spent most of his days in ceremonial duties and gentleness. The Emperor’s movements were restricted and his communications controlled. He was only allowed to communicate with the 140 royal families living in the Imperial area. The Emperor’s life was so reclusive that many foreign visitors to Japan were unaware of the Emperor’s existence, and others who knew of his existence believed him to be some kind of religious figure or pope.
Edo’s shogun (military general) was in charge of the state, and its administrators were collectively known as the bakufu. The Bakufu obeyed the gun’s orders. The Shovan government was basically a feudal military dictatorship. Showan had a daimyo who ruled the 250 Han clans that directly constituted the Japanese state. The Han people are divided into two groups, “Fudai” and “Tozama”. Their classification was based on whether they declared allegiance to the Tokugawa government before or after the Sekigahara War. Tozama owners were not allowed to serve in the Showan government. During the Tokugawa period, the government owned all land within a day’s march of Edo. Sorghum occupies more than a quarter of all cultivated land. He also controlled all major lines of communication, seaports, and precious metals.
What Was The Role Of The Shogun In Feudal Japan
An individual must own or control enough land to produce 10,000 bushels of rice before becoming a daimyo (feudal lord). One kuku was considered enough rice to feed an individual for a year. More than fifty houses produced over 100,000 cuckoos, with the largest producing an astounding 1,000,000 cuckoos. More than 5,000 owners earned the title of “hatamoto” for producing less than 10,000 koku. However, this still earned them access to the show. The daimyo is controlled by a system of spies. For the most part, they were left alone, but major decisions such as building roads, forts, and bridges were made by the Shaman. In addition, all marriages had to be approved by the court.
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The Tokugawa government strictly controlled their daimyo. They did this by requiring the daimyo to stay in the capital city of Edo for a year. Daimo was expected to keep his prestigious home in the capital. The cost of maintaining two rooms and staff for each room was very expensive. Shawn also asked Daimo for specific routes from his property to the city, at specific times. This was to prevent the smuggling of arms and hostages. Daimo was always looking for weapons.
Samurai were at the top of the social order because they defended Japan from attack and enforced its laws. A samurai was required to be literate and proficient with weapons. They were expected to be loyal, brave, obedient and thrifty. Military skills were acquired through formal instruction. Until it was banned in 1663, many senior samurai committed suicide when their masters died. This act of complete loyalty even occurred in 1912, shortly after the death of Emperor Meiji, when General Noji took his own life. Samurai spent most of their time doing administrative work. Cruelty, determination and luck all brought Tokugawa Ieyasu to power in 1603 as he unified Japan after centuries of samurai feuds and civil wars.
A statue of Tokogawa Ieyasu can be seen at the Toso-gu Shrine within the Nikko Temple complex, Japan’s World Heritage Site.
Tokugawa Ieyasu was not young when he became a shogun in 1603. His rise to power was long and slow, a journey that began at just 15 years old. Along the way—through a combination of luck, strategy, patience, and wit—he survives the turmoil of Japan’s medieval Sengoku (“Warring States”) era and emerges under Japanese control at the age of 60. When he died in 1616, he left the nation and his family lost control.
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In the 17th century, Japan’s official head of state was the emperor, who resided in Kyoto. The emperor’s squire was a military commander, and in fact a ruler who was feared and respected by all. Shogun’s name is derived from the term seii taishogun, meaning “supreme commander who subdues barbarians”. The position is officially appointed by the emperor, but the guns can and do establish hereditary dynasties that pass power from generation to generation.
Tokugawa Ieyasu was no different. He acted and made policies during his reign that ensured his family’s control of Japan shortly after his death. His descendants would rule Japan for over 250 years.
Okazaki Castle was the birthplace of the future Shogun Tokogawa Ieyasu in 1543. The original castle here was built in the 15th century.
Born in 1543 to a humble family, Ieyasu worked as an administrator and soldier in the employ of other lords. The violence and instability of the Warring States period long predated its birth. It has its roots in the late 12th century conflict between rival noble families, mainly the Taira and Minamoto. In 1185, the Minamoto clan defeated their Taira enemies and established the first shogunate, or military dictatorship, with Minamoto Yoritomo as its leader. The Shogunate system itself lasted for 700 years.
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Regional feudal lords swore fealty to the daimyo emperor, who were largely ceremonial and religious. Yoritomo and his successors are the founders of Showanat who exercise real executive power. Yet despite its seeming absolute monopoly, the shogunate (also known as the bakufu) often faced rebellions from the daimyo in later centuries. Unrest reaches its peak after the Wars of Ain (1467-1477), a dispute over the succession to the Shogunate caused by civil war. The turmoil continued for nearly 150 years, a period known as the Warring States.
In the 1570s, three warriors rise to power and end the chaos. They were Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. A feudal lord and feared military genius, Nobunaga led the powerful Oda clan in the 1550s after defeating local rivals. Over the next decade, he turned his attention to other parts of Japan and began a larger-scale civil rights movement. In 1562, the Tokugawa Ieyasu family and their warriors united with the Oda clan to gain power and influence during the reign of Nobunaga.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi had humble beginnings as an infantryman in the Oda Army. Nobunaga noticed his talents and nurtured them, allowing the young man to rise through the ranks to become his own master.
Nagoya Castle was first built in the 16th century and is believed to be the birthplace of Japan’s first great unifier, Oda Nobunaga. In 1609, Tokugawa Ieyasu rebuilt the castle, which remained an important Shogun power base until the 19th century.
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After Nobunaga was assassinated in 1582, Hideyoshi avenged his leader’s death, seized power, and ruled Japan for 12 years. When Hideyoshi died in 1598, his five-year-old son Toyotomi Hideyori was named heir. A Board of Trustees was established to govern the country until the child reached adulthood.
Among the five councilors was Todagawa Ieyasu, who was a member of the Oda clan and had proven loyal. A powerful general and daimyo, Ieyasu had an army under his command and was closely related to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After Hideyoshi’s death, Tokugawa Ieyasu broke his oath of allegiance to the Toyotomi dynasty and seized power as Japan’s ruler in 1599.
A 19th-century screen depicts the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), which clears the way for Tokugawa Ieyasu’s archery, marking the end of centuries of warfare.
Another member of the ruling council, Ishida Mitsunari, moved to protect Toyotomi’s successor. On October 21, 1600, the two sides met face to face at the Battle of Sekigahara. This climactic war marked the end of the Warring States period when Tokugawa Ieyasu’s forces were victorious.
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Officers loyal to Toyotomi Hideyori were soon captured and executed. A week later, the severed heads of the defeated were hung from trees in a street in Kyoto, the imperial capital, as a warning. The young Toyotomi Tokugawa Ieyasu was forced to relinquish any claim to power, though he was allowed to retain lordship of Osaka Castle. Over the next three years, the Tokugawas consolidated their power and finally established themselves as shoguns in 1603, the first in a dynasty that would rule the destinies of Japan until 1868.
Such an achievement would have represented the pinnacle of a lifetime for the 60-year-old Ieyasu, but he knew he had to develop his own systems and policies to ensure his legacy would continue. Unlike his former allies Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu not only held on to the power he gained, but passed it on to his descendants.
One of his first policies was on firearms. Europeans introduced them
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