What Is The Role Of Education In Society – What are the implications of changing US demographics for physical education, exercise science, and sport (PEEXSPT)? What is the role of PEEXSPT professionals in health and wellness promotion? How can PEEXSPT professionals promote physically active lifestyles for people of all ages? What is the thrust of the current educational reform movement and what are the implications for PEEXSPT?
US life expectancy at highest – 77.9 years. Public health initiatives Advances in medical science and technology Improvements in living standards The population is aging In 2000, 2% of the population was 85 or older, by 2050, 5% of the population will be 85 or older. By 2030, one in five will be over 65 years old.
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Society is becoming more diverse. The 2000 US Census shows that 12.5% of the population is Hispanic and 24.8% of the population is non-white. In 2004, 43% of public school students were minorities, up from 22% in 1972. By 2010, racial and ethnic minorities will make up 32% of the population, up from 20% in 1980.
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5 Poverty Poverty is associated with poor health outcomes for all ages, including higher rates of mortality. The US poverty threshold in 2007 was $10,210 for an individual and less than $20,650 for a family of four. In 2005, 12.5% or 37 million people lived below the poverty level. Poverty Rate White Non-Hispanic – 8.3% Black Non-Hispanic % Hispanic % Asians and Pacific Islanders – 11.1% Poverty was highest in South America
6 Cultural Competence “…a set of consistent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that converge across a system, agency, or profession that enable effective work in cross-cultural situations.” Culture: The integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, ideas, communication, actions, customs, values, and institutions of ethnic, racial, religious, or social groups. Competence: Having the ability to function effectively as an individual and as an organization in the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors and needs presented by users and their communities.
“…an ongoing developmental process of personal reflection and growth.” Reflect on your own cultural heritage, beliefs and prejudices. Understand how power, privilege, oppression, discrimination, and stereotypes affect opportunities for different cultural groups. Gain knowledge of other cultures. Show respect and empathy for cultural differences.
… “differences associated with sex, race, national origin, ethnicity, social class, religion, age and ability/disability, but also extended to include differences in personality, sexual orientation, empirical status, physical appearance, marital status, and Can go. Parent status.” Decency
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9 The Impact of Diversity As professionals committed to enriching the lives of all people, we must increase our “awareness and appreciation of the differences associated with the heritage, characteristics, and values of people.” Decency
Consider… Minorities are underrepresented in athletic training. Only 5% of NCAA Division I head coaches are African American, but 23% of athletes are African American. 43% of elementary and secondary school students are minorities but only 13% of teachers are minorities.
11 Health Defined… The World Health Organization defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. (1947) holistic health increased in popularity in the latter part of the 20th century and included the intellectual and spiritual aspects of health in addition to the physical, mental, and social dimensions included in the WHO definition.
… Living life to the fullest and maximizing your potential as a whole person. … dimensions – physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental. …personal responsibility. … influence of heredity and social context.
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13 Epidemiological Shift 1900 Leading causes of death were related to infectious diseases: Leading causes of death: influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gastrointestinal problems Life expectancy averaged 47.3 years. Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death today. The leading causes of death are heart disease, cancer and stroke. Life expectancy is average years.
14 Chronic Diseases Changes in leading cause of death from infectious diseases to chronic diseases. Chronic diseases account for 7 out of 10 deaths and 75% of medical costs each year. Cardiovascular disease is our nation’s No. 1 cause of death, followed by cancer. An estimated 60% of adults are overweight or obese. Physical inactivity, poor diet, and being overweight contribute to at least 1/3 of all cancers. The role of behavioral risk factors in morbidity and early mortality has received attention.
Healthy People (1979) reduces premature mortality and preserves independence for older adults. Objectives for the Nation (1980) 226 public health objectives to be achieved by 1990. Healthy People 2000 (1990) Extending healthy life expectancy, reducing health disparities among population groups, and providing access to health services Healthy People 2010 Increasing quality and healthy life years. and eliminate health disparities.
17 Healthy People 2010 A blueprint for improving the health of individuals and the health status of the nation. Two main goals: increasing quality and healthy life years and eliminating health disparities
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Quality of healthy life and increase in years Life expectancy increased dramatically in the 20th century from 47.3 years in 1900 to 76.9 years in 2000. By 2050, life expectancy is expected to increase to 79.7 years for men and 83.3 years for women. HALE – Health-Related Quality of Life Measure; Number of years spent in perfect health. US life expectancy years HALE 70 years. WHO HALE ranking Japan 1st – 74.5 years Sierra Leone ranked last year.
Eliminate health disparities among demographic groups Life expectancy for men outlives that of women (80.4 years vs. years) White men and women outlive African American men and women Health disparities Minority infant mortality rates are nearly double the rate for white infants. African Americans have a death rate from heart disease that is about 40% higher than that of whites. Hispanics are twice as likely to die from diabetes than non-Hispanic whites.
Increase adult and adolescent engagement in leisure PA and daily moderate and vigorous PA Increase adult and adolescent engagement in strength and flexibility PA PE Increase daily PE and activity during classes Decrease TV viewing Increase access to school PA facilities Worksite Increase PA programs Increase short-term walking trips Increase trips made by biking
21 The Obesity Epidemic The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children, youth and adults has reached an all-time high. About 60% of adults are overweight and 30% are obese. About 15% of children and youth are overweight. Disparities in obesity exist based on race, gender, and ethnicity. Overweight and obesity present serious health risks and have been linked to increased mortality.
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24 The benefits of regular PA help seniors maintain functional independence prevent disease help manage many diseases increase quality of life for all reduce medical costs increase productivity and at work and school Reduce absenteeism and many more…
25 PA and Health Engaging in at least 30 minutes a day of moderate-intensity PA on most days of the week has significant health benefits. Additional benefits may be obtained by increasing the intensity and/or amount of PA. HP 2010 seeks to increase PA in all population groups.
Provide more healthy food options in schools Make community facilities for PA available to all Create more opportunities for PA in the workplace Reduce TV viewing and other sedentary behaviors Educate expectant parents about the benefits of breastfeeding Obesity Change perceptions so that health, not appearance, is the primary concern Expand research on causes, prevention, and treatment, especially addressing health disparities Educate health care providers and professionals about prevention and treatment of overweight across the lifespan do it
Point-of-decisions prompt community-wide campaigns School-based physical education Social support interventions in community settings Individually tailored health behavior change to physical activity (new facilities, walking trails, worksite programs, etc.) Increased access.
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Provides skills, knowledge and values for a physically active lifestyle. School PE programs: reaching more than 50 million children each year. Provide a foundation for participation in physical activity throughout one’s lifespan. School worksite health promotion programs can reach more than 5 million adults. Use of the school as a community center
Over 60% of students engage in vigorous PA 3 or more days Approximately 25% of students engage in moderate PA 5 or more days Over 50% of students engage in vigorous activity Males more than females are active, with white students being as active as black or more so. Hispanic student participation in PA decreases as students’ grades increase Approximately 40% of students watch 3 or more hours of TV a day during the school day
Younger adults are more active than older adults Physical activity participation affected by race, ethnicity, education level, and socioeconomic status About 40% of adults are inactive during their leisure time. About 60% of adults engage in some recreational physical activity during their leisure time. About 25% of adults engage in vigorous activity
33 PA and Adults The picture of fitness and adults in our society is confusing and contradictory—health club membership is on the rise, participation in fitness is stagnant, and overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions.
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34 The Obesity Epidemic 15% of children aged 6-11 years and 15% of adolescents aged 15 years are overweight. Among adults – only 33% of adults are at a healthy weight Prevalence of overweight or obesity among adults is 65.1% 30.4% of adults are obese 4.9% of adults are morbidly obese Increasing numbers of all people
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