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What Day Did The Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor
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The Forgotten Reason Japan Attacked Pearl Harbor
By mid-1941 the United States had severed all economic ties with Japan and was providing material and financial aid to China. Japan had been at war with China since 1937, and the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 ensured that the Soviets no longer posed a threat to the Japanese on the Asian mainland. The Japanese believed that once the US Pacific Fleet was neutralized, all of Southeast Asia would be open to invasion.
The first Japanese dive bomber appeared over Pearl Harbor at 7:55 AM (local time) on December 7, 1941. Over the next half hour, the Pearl Harbor airfields and docked ships were mercilessly attacked with bombs, guns, and torpedoes. A second wave hit at 8:50 AM, and the Japanese withdrew shortly after 9:00 AM. In just over an hour, the Japanese destroyed more than 180 aircraft and destroyed or damaged more than a dozen ships. More than 2,400 US military members and civilians were killed. Learn more in this infographic.
Pacific War: From Pearl Harbor to Midway Find out where else Japan struck in the days after December 7, 1941.
In the short term, the American naval presence in the Pacific was severely weakened. However, the Japanese had largely ignored the harbor infrastructure, and many of the damaged ships were repaired on site and returned to duty. In addition, the Pacific Fleet’s three aircraft carriers were not present at Pearl Harbor (one was scheduled to return the day before the attack, but was delayed due to bad weather). American opinion immediately shifted in favor of war with Japan, a course that would conclude with Japan’s unconditional surrender less than four years later.
Pearl Harbor Attack Timeline
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor marked the beginning of the Pacific war for the United States, but it did not necessarily mean that the United States became a combatant in the war in Europe. By December 1941, the German armies had slowed down on the Eastern Front, and it seemed foolish for Adolf Hitler to declare war on another great power in such circumstances. The Tripartite Pact only attacked Germany in defense of Japan if the latter was attacked, not if she was the aggressor. Nevertheless, Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941. Later that month, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met with U.S. Brass. Franklin Roosevelt at the Arcadia Conference in Washington, D.C., and the two agreed on a “Europe first” policy for defeating Nazi Germany.
World War II: Allied strategy and debates, 1940–42 Read more about Allied objectives after the United States entered World War II.
Pearl Harbor is a US Naval base on the Hawaiian island of Oahu and the headquarters of the US Pacific Fleet. Adjacent to the harbor is Hickam Air Force Base, and the two installations were merged in 2010 to become Joint Base Pearl Harbour-Hickam. The USS Arizona remains where it sank on December 7, 1941, and is preserved as a national cemetery. The USS Arizona Memorial is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Hawaii.
The Pearl Harbor Attack, (December 7, 1941), a stunning aerial attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, by the Japanese led to the entry of the United States into World War II. The strike reached a decade of worsening relations between the United States and Japan.
Flying Boats Flew Japan’s Little Known Follow On Raid On Pearl Harbor
In the late 1930s, American foreign policy in the Pacific depended on support for China, and therefore aggression against China by Japan would necessarily bring Japan into conflict with the United States. As early as 1931 the Tokyo government had extended its control over the Chinese province of Manchuria, and the following year the Japanese consolidated their hold on the region with the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo. A clash at the Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing on July 7, 1937, signaled the start of open warfare between Japan and the Chinese Nationalist United Front and the Chinese Communist Party. In response, the US government extended its first loan to China in 1938.
In July 1939 the United States announced the termination of the 1911 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Japan. Beginning in the summer of 1940, the United States began restricting the export of materials useful in war to Japan. Between June 1940 and the critical crisis of December 1941, tension rose steadily. In July 1941, by which time the Japanese had occupied all of Indochina and entered into an alliance with the Axis powers (Germany and Italy), the US government severed all commercial and financial relations with Japan. Japanese assets were frozen, and an embargo was declared on the shipment of petroleum and other vital war materials to Japan. Military forces were steadily gaining influence in the Tokyo government; they were very angry about US aid to China, which by now had increased. They saw in the German attack on the Soviet Union a unique opportunity to pursue an aggressive policy in the Far East without the risk of an attack on their rear by the forces of the Red Army. Nevertheless, negotiations were held to try to find some kind of understanding between the United States and Japan through the autumn of 1941, and it was not until the end of November that it became clear that an agreement was not possible.
Although Japan continued to negotiate with the United States until the day of the Pearl Harbor attack, the government of Prime Minister Tōjō Hideki decided on war. Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, commander of Japan’s Combined Fleet, had planned the attack against the US Pacific Fleet very carefully. Once the US fleet was out of action, the way for the unrestricted Japanese conquest of all of Southeast Asia and the Indonesian archipelago would be open. The order for the attack was issued on November 5, 1941, and on November 16 the task force began its rendezvous in the Kuril Islands. The commanders were told that the fleet could be recalled, however, in case of a favorable outcome to the negotiations in Washington, D.C. On November 26, Vice President Nagumo Chuichi led a fleet consisting of 6 aircraft carriers, 2 battleships, 3 cruisers, and 11 destroyers to a point about 275 miles (440 km) north of Hawaii. From there about 360 aircraft were launched in total.
The US Pacific Fleet had been stationed at Pearl Harbor since April 1940. In addition to nearly 100 naval vessels, including 8 battleships, there were significant military and air forces. As the tension increased, Administrator E. Kimmel and Lieut. The Gen was warned. Walter C. Short, who shared command at Pearl Harbor, of the possibility of war, specifically on October 16 and again on November 24 and 27. The November 27 notice, to Kimmel, began, “This dispatch is to have consider it a warning of war,” he went on to say that “negotiations have ceased,” and instructed the admiral to “execute an appropriate defensive installation.” Kimmel was also ordered to “conduct such reconnaissance and other measures as you may deem necessary.” A communication the same day declared to Short that “hostile action is possible at any time” and, like his naval counterpart, urged “reconnaissance measures.”
America Reacts To Pearl Harbor
In response to these warnings, the measures taken by the heads of the army and navy, as the incident proved, were far from sufficient. Short ordered an alert against damage and concentrated most of his fighter planes in the base at Wheeler Field in an effort to prevent damage to them. He also gave an order to operate five of the mobile radar sets that had been installed in the island from 4:00am to 7:00am, which is considered the most dangerous period. (However, radar training was at a far advanced stage.)
Despite the fact that his intelligence had not been able to locate significant elements in the Japanese fleet – especially the first-line ships in transport divisions 1 and 2 – Kimmel has not expanded his reconnaissance activities to the northwest, the logical point for an attack. He anchored the whole fleet (except that part which was at sea) in the harbor and allowed part of his personnel to go on shore leave. None of these officers suspected that the base at Pearl Harbor itself would be subject to attack. Nor, for that matter, is there any indication that their superiors in Washington were in any way aware of the impending danger. In the 10 days between the warning of war on 27 November and the actual Japanese attack, no additional action was taken by Washington.
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