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Mitigating Fire Risk In High-risk Areas: Insurance And Preparedness
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Wildfires: Burning Through State Budgets
VacuFuse® II Self-Resetting Interrupter replaces fuses on top of overhead distribution transformers, eliminating annoying outages and unnecessary repair costs. Estimating Electronically Controlled Residential Water Mist System Suppression Performance from BS 8458:2015 Fire Test Data
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Identifying And Managing Business Risks
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By Dener Silva Dener Silva Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, Hugo Rodrigues Hugo Rodrigues Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1,* and Tiago Miguel Ferreira Tiago Miguel Ferreira Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 2
Received: 4 September 2022 / Revised: 10 October 2022 / Accepted: 19 October 2022 / Published: 21 October 2022
Top 10 Common Fire Incidents And How To Prevent It
(This article belongs to the Current Progress Special Issue on Fire Risk Assessment and Mitigation in Buildings and Urban Areas — First Edition)
Identifying fire risks in urban centers is essential to support informed decision making and outline efficient vulnerability mitigation strategies. The historic center is very complex in this regard due to the high density of combustible materials in the area, favorable conditions for fire propagation between buildings, and complex urban morphology, which makes evacuation of residents difficult in the event of a fire emergency. Recent safety regulations tend not to fully apply to historic city centres, where the specificity of buildings, together with the need to preserve their heritage value, makes regulations for new buildings inappropriate. Therefore, adjustments to the current evaluation methods are necessary to ensure the safety of these places. This paper aims to contribute to this topic by presenting and discussing the results obtained from applying a simplified fire risk assessment methodology to a representative part of the historic city center of Aveiro, Portugal. Data was collected through fieldwork building inspections and the results were mapped using a Geographic Information System tool. The study reveals that approximately 63% of the buildings assessed have a fire risk rating greater than the acceptable risk level for buildings of that type of use and value. Based on the work developed, various mitigation strategies are suggested and compared. Finally, the results obtained in this work are compared with published results for historic urban areas with similar characteristics.
Due to their material and morphological characteristics, traditional buildings are usually not prepared for current comfort and safety standards [1, 2, 3, 4]. Fire is the most significant potential hazard in urban areas. While protecting the lives of the occupants is of course the most important point, protecting the buildings themselves is also very relevant, as most of these buildings have meaning and heritage value. However, this is a very challenging task, not only because of the material and construction characteristics of these buildings, but also because of the many fire loads involved, such as wooden ceilings and floors, textiles, and paintings, and often, the impossibility of installing fire protection devices in the building. these buildings, such as sprinklers or smoke detectors [5].
These issues, together with a lack of adequate maintenance practices, have led to the loss of buildings of invaluable value, such as the Notre Dame Cathedral in France [6] or the National Museums in Brazil [7, 8]. With lower patrimonial values, but potentially more significant consequences in terms of human losses, buildings located in the center of the Historic City do not easily comply with current general fire safety requirements, such as those in the Portuguese Code [9], making it necessary to evaluate each cases separately and accept conditions that, under normal circumstances, would be inadequate, such as narrow emergency passages and more flammable building materials. This situation, in addition to the difficult fire-fighting arrangements, and favorable propagation conditions due to the proximity of buildings, creates a significant fire risk in this area.
Fire Deficit Increases Wildfire Risk For Many Communities In The Canadian Boreal Forest
The number of urban fires has increased worldwide in recent years, especially in Portugal [10], where areas of high fire risk are well identified. Among other historical areas, some of which have been well studied and characterized (such as the historic urban areas of Lisbon and Oporto), is the historic city center of Aveiro, where the level of awareness regarding fire risks and safety is very high. very limited, despite having high heritage and socio-cultural values [11]. Several studies have been conducted around the world [12, 13, 14, 15, 16] and have yielded very interesting results about how alternative methodologies work and how they can help historical sites with respect to fire risk. In addition, this method is very important in confirming the ANEQP [11] risk map and determining which areas are more likely to be affected, as well as determining the state of buildings in those areas.
In Portugal, regulations regarding the prevention of building fires [9, 17] are valid until 2019 for new and existing buildings, for example setting minimum dimensions of evacuation routes, ventilation and materials. This fact makes the use of regulations and the preservation of cultural heritage buildings very difficult. In 2019, identifying cultural heritage buildings as a special case, “Decreto-Lei no. 95/2019” was implemented [18], allowing for the exception of some requirements as they have been justified and analyzed by a government commission. Sequentially, the ARICA methodology developed by The Civil Engineering National Laboratory (LNEC) was approved as a legal tool to help engineers justify their exclusion choices regarding projects.
From this perspective, it is considered that the fundamental interest of the preservation of historic sites is to provide authorities with accurate information about their vulnerabilities. Against the background described above, this work aims to assess the fire risk of the historic downtown section of Aveiro through the application of a simplified fire risk assessment approach, which has been applied in evaluations of several historic urban areas in Portugal; see [16]. As comprehensively presented and discussed here, this work involved extensive fieldwork to collect data on the specific characteristics of the buildings included in the study area, which were then used to derive a fire risk index (FRI) for each building. These individual outcomes were then mapped using a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool, and the most critical identified buildings were analyzed with a view to suggesting possible risk mitigation strategies.
As noted above, the first step of the research involved delimiting the study area, which had to be large enough simultaneously to represent the entire stock of buildings in the historic city center of Aveiro, but still within a reasonable size given the amount of time. and human resources allocated for field work. After the data collection stage is completed, each fire risk index is calculated, integrated and mapped using GIS tools. Each of these steps, starting from the identification of the study area and description of data collection procedures
Fire Hazard Severity Zones
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